Focus on animal studies—both vertebrates and invertebrates—in tropical ecosystems. This field is particularly important due to the rich diversity of fauna in Kalimantan, including many endemic species. Research may encompass animal behavior, taxonomy, conservation, and ecology, especially within wetland environments. Examples of studied species include nipah worms (Namalycastis), black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith caterpillars, fish ichthyofauna in peatlands, and in vivo investigations of physiological changes in animals following the administration of bioactive compounds.